Autonomous driving paper index
GEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CERAMIC SANITARY WASTE AS GROG FOR SUSTAINABLE CERAMIC TILE PRODUCTION USING XRF AND XRD ANALYSES
One-line summary
The rapid increase in ceramic waste generation from construction, demolition, and ceramic manufacturing industries has become a major environmental concern globally, particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria.
Engineering notes
Key topics: autonomous driving. See the paper for implementation details and experimental results.
Chinese explanation / 中文解读
中文解读待补充：本站会优先为端到端自动驾驶、BEV感知、3D目标检测、轨迹预测、路径规划、LiDAR感知等高价值论文补充中文说明。
Original abstract
The rapid increase in ceramic waste generation from construction, demolition, and ceramic manufacturing industries has become a major environmental concern globally, particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria. Large quantities of broken ceramic tiles, sanitary wares, kiln rejects, and fired ceramic products are disposed indiscriminately in landfills and open dump sites, resulting in environmental degradation and loss of valuable resources. Sustainable recycling of ceramic waste into useful ceramic products offers a viable solution for minimizing environmental pollution while conserving natural raw materials. This study investigates the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of ceramic sanitary waste as grog for sustainable ceramic tile production using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. Toilets, washing sink and kitchen basin waste samples were collected, cleaned, dried, crushed, pulverized, and sieved prior to laboratory characterization. XRF analysis revealed that Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) was the dominant oxide with a concentration of 54.020%, followed by Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) with 9.679%. Other oxides identified include Fe₂O₃, CaO, K₂O, MgO, TiO₂, and minor trace oxides. The high silica and alumina contents indicate good refractory properties, mechanical strength, and thermal stability required for ceramic tile production. The moderate presence of fluxing oxides such as CaO, K₂O, and MgO suggests enhanced vitrification and densification during firing. XRD analysis identified quartz, feldspar, and mullite as the dominant mineral phases. Quartz contributes to hardness and dimensional stability, feldspar acts as a flux during firing, while mullite improves thermal resistance and mechanical strength. The results demonstrate that ceramic waste possesses suitable geochemical and mineralogical properties for use as grog in ceramic tile bodies. The utilization of ceramic waste as grog promotes sustainability through waste recycling, reduction in landfill disposal, conservation of virgin clay resources, reduction in energy consumption, and minimization of production costs in ceramic industries. This study therefore establishes ceramic waste as an environmentally sustainable alternative material for ceramic tile production.
Links and sources
Need this topic turned into a technical roadmap?
Full Self Driving can prepare a custom autonomous driving literature review, code map, dataset map, and B2B technology assessment.
Request B2B research
Comments